# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
BLE Client for Windows 10 systems, implemented with WinRT.
Created on 2020-08-19 by hbldh <henrik.blidh@nedomkull.com>
"""
import asyncio
import logging
import sys
import uuid
import warnings
from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Union, cast
import async_timeout
if sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 8):
from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
else:
from typing import Literal, TypedDict
from bleak_winrt.windows.devices.bluetooth import (
BluetoothAddressType,
BluetoothCacheMode,
BluetoothError,
BluetoothLEDevice,
)
from bleak_winrt.windows.devices.bluetooth.genericattributeprofile import (
GattCharacteristic,
GattCharacteristicProperties,
GattClientCharacteristicConfigurationDescriptorValue,
GattCommunicationStatus,
GattDescriptor,
GattDeviceService,
GattSession,
GattSessionStatus,
GattSessionStatusChangedEventArgs,
GattValueChangedEventArgs,
GattWriteOption,
)
from bleak_winrt.windows.devices.enumeration import (
DeviceInformation,
DevicePairingKinds,
DevicePairingResultStatus,
DeviceUnpairingResultStatus,
)
from bleak_winrt.windows.foundation import EventRegistrationToken
from bleak_winrt.windows.storage.streams import Buffer
from ... import BleakScanner
from ...exc import PROTOCOL_ERROR_CODES, BleakError, BleakDeviceNotFoundError
from ..characteristic import BleakGATTCharacteristic
from ..client import BaseBleakClient, NotifyCallback
from ..device import BLEDevice
from ..service import BleakGATTServiceCollection
from .characteristic import BleakGATTCharacteristicWinRT
from .descriptor import BleakGATTDescriptorWinRT
from .scanner import BleakScannerWinRT
from .service import BleakGATTServiceWinRT
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
_ACCESS_DENIED_SERVICES = list(
uuid.UUID(u)
for u in ("00001812-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb",) # Human Interface Device Service
)
# TODO: we can use this when minimum Python is 3.8
# class _Result(typing.Protocol):
# status: GattCommunicationStatus
# protocol_error: typing.Optional[int]
def _address_to_int(address: str) -> int:
"""Converts the Bluetooth device address string to its representing integer
Args:
address (str): Bluetooth device address to convert
Returns:
int: integer representation of the given Bluetooth device address
"""
_address_separators = [":", "-"]
for char in _address_separators:
address = address.replace(char, "")
return int(address, base=16)
def _ensure_success(result: Any, attr: Optional[str], fail_msg: str) -> Any:
"""
Ensures that *status* is ``GattCommunicationStatus.SUCCESS``, otherwise
raises ``BleakError``.
Args:
result: The result returned by a WinRT API method.
attr: The name of the attribute containing the result.
fail_msg: A message to include in the exception.
"""
status = result.status if hasattr(result, "status") else result
if status == GattCommunicationStatus.SUCCESS:
return None if attr is None else getattr(result, attr)
if status == GattCommunicationStatus.PROTOCOL_ERROR:
err = PROTOCOL_ERROR_CODES.get(result.protocol_error, "Unknown")
raise BleakError(
f"{fail_msg}: Protocol Error 0x{result.protocol_error:02X}: {err}"
)
if status == GattCommunicationStatus.ACCESS_DENIED:
raise BleakError(f"{fail_msg}: Access Denied")
if status == GattCommunicationStatus.UNREACHABLE:
raise BleakError(f"{fail_msg}: Unreachable")
raise BleakError(f"{fail_msg}: Unexpected status code 0x{result.status:02X}")
[docs]class WinRTClientArgs(TypedDict, total=False):
"""
Windows-specific arguments for :class:`BleakClient`.
"""
address_type: Literal["public", "random"]
"""
Can either be ``"public"`` or ``"random"``, depending on the required address
type needed to connect to your device.
"""
use_cached_services: bool
"""
``True`` allows Windows to fetch the services, characteristics and descriptors
from the Windows cache instead of reading them from the device. Can be very
much faster for known, unchanging devices, but not recommended for DIY peripherals
where the GATT layout can change between connections.
``False`` will force the attribute database to be read from the remote device
instead of using the OS cache.
If omitted, the OS Bluetooth stack will do what it thinks is best.
"""
[docs]class BleakClientWinRT(BaseBleakClient):
"""Native Windows Bleak Client.
Implemented using `winrt <https://github.com/Microsoft/xlang/tree/master/src/package/pywinrt/projection>`_,
a package that enables Python developers to access Windows Runtime APIs directly from Python.
Args:
address_or_ble_device (str or BLEDevice): The Bluetooth address of the BLE peripheral
to connect to or the ``BLEDevice`` object representing it.
winrt (dict): A dictionary of Windows-specific configuration values.
**timeout (float): Timeout for required ``BleakScanner.find_device_by_address`` call. Defaults to 10.0.
**disconnected_callback (callable): Callback that will be scheduled in the
event loop when the client is disconnected. The callable must take one
argument, which will be this client object.
"""
def __init__(
self,
address_or_ble_device: Union[BLEDevice, str],
*,
winrt: WinRTClientArgs,
**kwargs,
):
super(BleakClientWinRT, self).__init__(address_or_ble_device, **kwargs)
# Backend specific. WinRT objects.
if isinstance(address_or_ble_device, BLEDevice):
self._device_info = address_or_ble_device.details.adv.bluetooth_address
else:
self._device_info = None
self._requester: Optional[BluetoothLEDevice] = None
self._services_changed_events: List[asyncio.Event] = []
self._session_active_events: List[asyncio.Event] = []
self._session_closed_events: List[asyncio.Event] = []
self._session: GattSession = None
self._notification_callbacks: Dict[int, NotifyCallback] = {}
if "address_type" in kwargs:
warnings.warn(
"The address_type keyword arg will in a future version be moved into the win dict input instead.",
PendingDeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
# os-specific options
self._use_cached_services = winrt.get("use_cached_services")
self._address_type = winrt.get("address_type", kwargs.get("address_type"))
self._session_services_changed_token: Optional[EventRegistrationToken] = None
self._session_status_changed_token: Optional[EventRegistrationToken] = None
self._max_pdu_size_changed_token: Optional[EventRegistrationToken] = None
def __str__(self):
return f"{type(self).__name__} ({self.address})"
# Connectivity methods
async def _create_requester(self, bluetooth_address: int) -> BluetoothLEDevice:
args = [
bluetooth_address,
]
if self._address_type is not None:
args.append(
BluetoothAddressType.PUBLIC
if self._address_type == "public"
else BluetoothAddressType.RANDOM
)
requester = await BluetoothLEDevice.from_bluetooth_address_async(*args)
# https://github.com/microsoft/Windows-universal-samples/issues/1089#issuecomment-487586755
if requester is None:
raise BleakDeviceNotFoundError(
self.address, f"Device with address {self.address} was not found."
)
return requester
[docs] async def connect(self, **kwargs) -> bool:
"""Connect to the specified GATT server.
Keyword Args:
timeout (float): Timeout for required ``BleakScanner.find_device_by_address`` call. Defaults to 10.0.
Returns:
Boolean representing connection status.
"""
# Try to find the desired device.
timeout = kwargs.get("timeout", self._timeout)
if self._device_info is None:
device = await BleakScanner.find_device_by_address(
self.address, timeout=timeout, backend=BleakScannerWinRT
)
if device is None:
raise BleakDeviceNotFoundError(
self.address, f"Device with address {self.address} was not found."
)
self._device_info = device.details.adv.bluetooth_address
logger.debug("Connecting to BLE device @ %s", self.address)
loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
self._requester = await self._create_requester(self._device_info)
def handle_services_changed():
if not self._services_changed_events:
logger.warn("%s: unhandled services changed event", self.address)
else:
for event in self._services_changed_events:
event.set()
def services_changed_handler(sender, args):
logger.debug("%s: services changed", self.address)
loop.call_soon_threadsafe(handle_services_changed)
self._services_changed_token = self._requester.add_gatt_services_changed(
services_changed_handler
)
# Called on disconnect event or on failure to connect.
def handle_disconnect():
if self._requester:
if self._services_changed_token:
self._requester.remove_gatt_services_changed(
self._services_changed_token
)
self._services_changed_token = None
self._requester.close()
self._requester = None
if self._session:
if self._session_status_changed_token:
self._session.remove_session_status_changed(
self._session_status_changed_token
)
self._session_status_changed_token = None
if self._max_pdu_size_changed_token:
self._session.remove_max_pdu_size_changed(
self._max_pdu_size_changed_token
)
self._max_pdu_size_changed_token = None
self._session.close()
self._session = None
def handle_session_status_changed(
args: GattSessionStatusChangedEventArgs,
):
if args.error != BluetoothError.SUCCESS:
logger.error(f"Unhandled GATT error {args.error}")
if args.status == GattSessionStatus.ACTIVE:
for e in self._session_active_events:
e.set()
elif args.status == GattSessionStatus.CLOSED:
if self._disconnected_callback:
self._disconnected_callback(self)
for e in self._session_closed_events:
e.set()
handle_disconnect()
# this is the WinRT event handler will be called on another thread
def session_status_changed_event_handler(
sender: GattSession, args: GattSessionStatusChangedEventArgs
):
logger.debug(
"session_status_changed_event_handler: id: %s, error: %s, status: %s",
sender.device_id,
args.error,
args.status,
)
loop.call_soon_threadsafe(handle_session_status_changed, args)
def max_pdu_size_changed_handler(sender: GattSession, args):
try:
max_pdu_size = sender.max_pdu_size
except OSError:
# There is a race condition where this event was already
# queued when the GattSession object was closed. In that
# case, we get a Windows error which we can just ignore.
return
logger.debug("max_pdu_size_changed_handler: %d", max_pdu_size)
# Start a GATT Session to connect
event = asyncio.Event()
self._session_active_events.append(event)
try:
self._session = await GattSession.from_device_id_async(
self._requester.bluetooth_device_id
)
if not self._session.can_maintain_connection:
raise BleakError("device does not support GATT sessions")
self._session_status_changed_token = (
self._session.add_session_status_changed(
session_status_changed_event_handler
)
)
self._max_pdu_size_changed_token = self._session.add_max_pdu_size_changed(
max_pdu_size_changed_handler
)
# Windows does not support explicitly connecting to a device.
# Instead it has the concept of a GATT session that is owned
# by the calling program.
self._session.maintain_connection = True
# This keeps the device connected until we set maintain_connection = False.
# wait for the session to become active
async with async_timeout.timeout(timeout):
await event.wait()
except BaseException:
handle_disconnect()
raise
finally:
self._session_active_events.remove(event)
# Obtain services, which also leads to connection being established.
await self.get_services()
return True
[docs] async def disconnect(self) -> bool:
"""Disconnect from the specified GATT server.
Returns:
Boolean representing if device is disconnected.
"""
logger.debug("Disconnecting from BLE device...")
# Remove notifications.
for handle, event_handler_token in list(self._notification_callbacks.items()):
char = self.services.get_characteristic(handle)
char.obj.remove_value_changed(event_handler_token)
self._notification_callbacks.clear()
# Dispose all service components that we have requested and created.
for service in self.services:
service.obj.close()
self.services = BleakGATTServiceCollection()
self._services_resolved = False
# Without this, disposing the BluetoothLEDevice won't disconnect it
if self._session:
self._session.maintain_connection = False
# calling self._session.close() here prevents any further GATT
# session status events, so we defer that until after the session
# is no longer active
# Dispose of the BluetoothLEDevice and see that the session
# status is now closed.
if self._requester:
event = asyncio.Event()
self._session_closed_events.append(event)
try:
self._requester.close()
# sometimes it can take over one minute before Windows decides
# to end the GATT session/disconnect the device
async with async_timeout.timeout(120):
await event.wait()
finally:
self._session_closed_events.remove(event)
return True
@property
def is_connected(self) -> bool:
"""Check connection status between this client and the server.
Returns:
Boolean representing connection status.
"""
return self._DeprecatedIsConnectedReturn(
False
if self._session is None
else self._session.session_status == GattSessionStatus.ACTIVE
)
@property
def mtu_size(self) -> int:
"""Get ATT MTU size for active connection"""
return self._session.max_pdu_size
[docs] async def pair(self, protection_level: int = None, **kwargs) -> bool:
"""Attempts to pair with the device.
Keyword Args:
protection_level (int): A ``DevicePairingProtectionLevel`` enum value:
1. None - Pair the device using no levels of protection.
2. Encryption - Pair the device using encryption.
3. EncryptionAndAuthentication - Pair the device using
encryption and authentication. (This will not work in Bleak...)
Returns:
Boolean regarding success of pairing.
"""
# New local device information object created since the object from the requester isn't updated
device_information = await DeviceInformation.create_from_id_async(
self._requester.device_information.id
)
if (
device_information.pairing.can_pair
and not device_information.pairing.is_paired
):
# Currently only supporting Just Works solutions...
ceremony = DevicePairingKinds.CONFIRM_ONLY
custom_pairing = device_information.pairing.custom
def handler(sender, args):
args.accept()
pairing_requested_token = custom_pairing.add_pairing_requested(handler)
try:
if protection_level:
pairing_result = await custom_pairing.pair_async(
ceremony, protection_level
)
else:
pairing_result = await custom_pairing.pair_async(ceremony)
except Exception as e:
raise BleakError("Failure trying to pair with device!") from e
finally:
custom_pairing.remove_pairing_requested(pairing_requested_token)
if pairing_result.status not in (
DevicePairingResultStatus.PAIRED,
DevicePairingResultStatus.ALREADY_PAIRED,
):
raise BleakError(f"Could not pair with device: {pairing_result.status}")
else:
logger.info(
"Paired to device with protection level %d.",
pairing_result.protection_level_used,
)
return True
else:
return device_information.pairing.is_paired
[docs] async def unpair(self) -> bool:
"""Attempts to unpair from the device.
N.B. unpairing also leads to disconnection in the Windows backend.
Returns:
Boolean on whether the unparing was successful.
"""
device = await self._create_requester(
self._device_info
if self._device_info is not None
else _address_to_int(self.address)
)
try:
unpairing_result = await device.device_information.pairing.unpair_async()
if unpairing_result.status not in (
DeviceUnpairingResultStatus.UNPAIRED,
DeviceUnpairingResultStatus.ALREADY_UNPAIRED,
):
raise BleakError(
f"Could not unpair with device: {unpairing_result.status}"
)
logger.info("Unpaired with device.")
finally:
device.close()
return True
# GATT services methods
[docs] async def get_services(self, **kwargs) -> BleakGATTServiceCollection:
"""Get all services registered for this GATT server.
Returns:
A :py:class:`bleak.backends.service.BleakGATTServiceCollection` with this device's services tree.
"""
if not self.is_connected:
raise BleakError("Not connected")
# Return the Service Collection.
if self._services_resolved:
return self.services
logger.debug("Get Services...")
# Each of the get_serv/char/desc_async() methods has two forms, one
# with no args and one with a cache_mode argument
args = []
# If the os-specific use_cached_services arg was given when BleakClient
# was created, the we use the second form with explicit cache mode.
# Otherwise we use the first form with no explicit cache mode which
# allows the OS Bluetooth stack to decide what is best.
if self._use_cached_services is not None:
args.append(
BluetoothCacheMode.CACHED
if self._use_cached_services
else BluetoothCacheMode.UNCACHED
)
# if we receive a services changed event before get_gatt_services_async()
# finishes, we need to call it again with BluetoothCacheMode.UNCACHED
# to ensure we have the correct services as described in
# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/uwp/api/windows.devices.bluetooth.bluetoothledevice.gattserviceschanged
while True:
services_changed_event = asyncio.Event()
services_changed_event_task = asyncio.create_task(
services_changed_event.wait()
)
self._services_changed_events.append(services_changed_event)
get_services_task = self._requester.get_gatt_services_async(*args)
try:
await asyncio.wait(
[services_changed_event_task, get_services_task],
return_when=asyncio.FIRST_COMPLETED,
)
finally:
services_changed_event_task.cancel()
self._services_changed_events.remove(services_changed_event)
get_services_task.cancel()
if not services_changed_event.is_set():
break
logger.debug(
"%s: restarting get services due to services changed event",
self.address,
)
args = [BluetoothCacheMode.UNCACHED]
services: Sequence[GattDeviceService] = _ensure_success(
get_services_task.get_results(),
"services",
"Could not get GATT services",
)
for service in services:
# Windows returns an ACCESS_DENIED error when trying to enumerate
# characteristics of services used by the OS, like the HID service
# so we have to exclude those services.
if service.uuid in _ACCESS_DENIED_SERVICES:
continue
self.services.add_service(BleakGATTServiceWinRT(service))
characteristics: Sequence[GattCharacteristic] = _ensure_success(
await service.get_characteristics_async(*args),
"characteristics",
f"Could not get GATT characteristics for {service}",
)
for characteristic in characteristics:
self.services.add_characteristic(
BleakGATTCharacteristicWinRT(
characteristic, self._session.max_pdu_size - 3
)
)
descriptors: Sequence[GattDescriptor] = _ensure_success(
await characteristic.get_descriptors_async(*args),
"descriptors",
f"Could not get GATT descriptors for {service}",
)
for descriptor in descriptors:
self.services.add_descriptor(
BleakGATTDescriptorWinRT(
descriptor,
str(characteristic.uuid),
characteristic.attribute_handle,
)
)
self._services_resolved = True
return self.services
# I/O methods
[docs] async def read_gatt_char(
self,
char_specifier: Union[BleakGATTCharacteristic, int, str, uuid.UUID],
**kwargs,
) -> bytearray:
"""Perform read operation on the specified GATT characteristic.
Args:
char_specifier (BleakGATTCharacteristic, int, str or UUID): The characteristic to read from,
specified by either integer handle, UUID or directly by the
BleakGATTCharacteristic object representing it.
Keyword Args:
use_cached (bool): ``False`` forces Windows to read the value from the
device again and not use its own cached value. Defaults to ``False``.
Returns:
(bytearray) The read data.
"""
if not self.is_connected:
raise BleakError("Not connected")
use_cached = kwargs.get("use_cached", False)
if not isinstance(char_specifier, BleakGATTCharacteristic):
characteristic = self.services.get_characteristic(char_specifier)
else:
characteristic = char_specifier
if not characteristic:
raise BleakError(f"Characteristic {char_specifier} was not found!")
value = bytearray(
_ensure_success(
await characteristic.obj.read_value_async(
BluetoothCacheMode.CACHED
if use_cached
else BluetoothCacheMode.UNCACHED
),
"value",
f"Could not read characteristic handle {characteristic.handle}",
)
)
logger.debug("Read Characteristic %04X : %s", characteristic.handle, value)
return value
[docs] async def read_gatt_descriptor(self, handle: int, **kwargs) -> bytearray:
"""Perform read operation on the specified GATT descriptor.
Args:
handle (int): The handle of the descriptor to read from.
Keyword Args:
use_cached (bool): `False` forces Windows to read the value from the
device again and not use its own cached value. Defaults to `False`.
Returns:
(bytearray) The read data.
"""
if not self.is_connected:
raise BleakError("Not connected")
use_cached = kwargs.get("use_cached", False)
descriptor = self.services.get_descriptor(handle)
if not descriptor:
raise BleakError(f"Descriptor with handle {handle} was not found!")
value = bytearray(
_ensure_success(
await descriptor.obj.read_value_async(
BluetoothCacheMode.CACHED
if use_cached
else BluetoothCacheMode.UNCACHED
),
"value",
f"Could not read Descriptor value for {handle:04X}",
)
)
logger.debug("Read Descriptor %04X : %s", handle, value)
return value
[docs] async def write_gatt_char(
self,
char_specifier: Union[BleakGATTCharacteristic, int, str, uuid.UUID],
data: Union[bytes, bytearray, memoryview],
response: bool = False,
) -> None:
"""Perform a write operation of the specified GATT characteristic.
Args:
char_specifier (BleakGATTCharacteristic, int, str or UUID): The characteristic to write
to, specified by either integer handle, UUID or directly by the
BleakGATTCharacteristic object representing it.
data (bytes or bytearray): The data to send.
response (bool): If write-with-response operation should be done. Defaults to `False`.
"""
if not self.is_connected:
raise BleakError("Not connected")
if not isinstance(char_specifier, BleakGATTCharacteristic):
characteristic = self.services.get_characteristic(char_specifier)
else:
characteristic = char_specifier
if not characteristic:
raise BleakError(f"Characteristic {char_specifier} was not found!")
response = (
GattWriteOption.WRITE_WITH_RESPONSE
if response
else GattWriteOption.WRITE_WITHOUT_RESPONSE
)
buf = Buffer(len(data))
buf.length = buf.capacity
with memoryview(buf) as mv:
mv[:] = data
_ensure_success(
await characteristic.obj.write_value_with_result_async(buf, response),
None,
f"Could not write value {data} to characteristic {characteristic.handle:04X}",
)
[docs] async def write_gatt_descriptor(
self, handle: int, data: Union[bytes, bytearray, memoryview]
) -> None:
"""Perform a write operation on the specified GATT descriptor.
Args:
handle (int): The handle of the descriptor to read from.
data (bytes or bytearray): The data to send.
"""
if not self.is_connected:
raise BleakError("Not connected")
descriptor = self.services.get_descriptor(handle)
if not descriptor:
raise BleakError(f"Descriptor with handle {handle} was not found!")
buf = Buffer(len(data))
buf.length = buf.capacity
with memoryview(buf) as mv:
mv[:] = data
_ensure_success(
await descriptor.obj.write_value_with_result_async(buf),
None,
f"Could not write value {data} to descriptor {handle:04X}",
)
logger.debug("Write Descriptor %04X : %s", handle, data)
[docs] async def start_notify(
self,
characteristic: BleakGATTCharacteristic,
callback: NotifyCallback,
**kwargs,
) -> None:
"""
Activate notifications/indications on a characteristic.
Keyword Args:
force_indicate (bool): If this is set to True, then Bleak will set up a indication request instead of a
notification request, given that the characteristic supports notifications as well as indications.
"""
winrt_char = cast(GattCharacteristic, characteristic.obj)
# If we want to force indicate even when notify is available, also check if the device
# actually supports indicate as well.
if not kwargs.get("force_indicate", False) and (
winrt_char.characteristic_properties & GattCharacteristicProperties.NOTIFY
):
cccd = GattClientCharacteristicConfigurationDescriptorValue.NOTIFY
elif (
winrt_char.characteristic_properties & GattCharacteristicProperties.INDICATE
):
cccd = GattClientCharacteristicConfigurationDescriptorValue.INDICATE
else:
raise BleakError(
"characteristic does not support notifications or indications"
)
loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
def handle_value_changed(
sender: GattCharacteristic, args: GattValueChangedEventArgs
):
value = bytearray(args.characteristic_value)
return loop.call_soon_threadsafe(callback, value)
event_handler_token = winrt_char.add_value_changed(handle_value_changed)
self._notification_callbacks[characteristic.handle] = event_handler_token
try:
_ensure_success(
await winrt_char.write_client_characteristic_configuration_descriptor_async(
cccd
),
None,
f"Could not start notify on {characteristic.handle:04X}",
)
except BaseException:
# This usually happens when a device reports that it supports indicate,
# but it actually doesn't.
if characteristic.handle in self._notification_callbacks:
event_handler_token = self._notification_callbacks.pop(
characteristic.handle
)
winrt_char.remove_value_changed(event_handler_token)
raise
[docs] async def stop_notify(
self, char_specifier: Union[BleakGATTCharacteristic, int, str, uuid.UUID]
) -> None:
"""Deactivate notification/indication on a specified characteristic.
Args:
char_specifier (BleakGATTCharacteristic, int, str or UUID): The characteristic to deactivate
notification/indication on, specified by either integer handle, UUID or
directly by the BleakGATTCharacteristic object representing it.
"""
if not self.is_connected:
raise BleakError("Not connected")
if not isinstance(char_specifier, BleakGATTCharacteristic):
characteristic = self.services.get_characteristic(char_specifier)
else:
characteristic = char_specifier
if not characteristic:
raise BleakError(f"Characteristic {char_specifier} not found!")
_ensure_success(
await characteristic.obj.write_client_characteristic_configuration_descriptor_async(
GattClientCharacteristicConfigurationDescriptorValue.NONE
),
None,
f"Could not stop notify on {characteristic.handle:04X}",
)
event_handler_token = self._notification_callbacks.pop(characteristic.handle)
characteristic.obj.remove_value_changed(event_handler_token)